Process of Socialization

Socialization is a process of learning norms, rules, regulations, values and attitudes of society. It is a lifelong process which starts from childhood till to the death of a person. Socialization is a vital process of learning through which the society exists. Each and every society socializes its members according to its own values. For example, if a baby enters in American society, he/she socializes according to the characteristics of American society. In the same way, the children of Russian societies are being socialized according to the characteristics of Russian societies. A man learns ways of attitudes, behaviors, languages, and cultures of a society through the process of socialization.

What is human nature?

Anthropology Sociology

The debate of "nature" (heredity) and "nurture" (the social environment) is being made since decades. Some scientists think that nature plays an important role in the socialization while others view that nurture is only the way through which a member can be socialized. To answer this controversial question, one can give logical reasons that human beings do not have natural language. An infant comes in this society having only bones, flesh, and breathing system. If this very infant kept in isolation for several years, he/she cannot be able to speak even a single word. Heredity provides those essential things which are important to grow up but social environment is far important than heredity through which a children learns the language. Without the concept of language a member cannot create relationships with others. Language is a source to create relationships and to take part into the social interaction. So, nurture or social environment is so much important that it converts an animal into a social animal.

Process of Socialization

Cooley and the looking-Glass self

Charles Hurton Cooley was a renowned social scientist who thought that our sense of self develops from interaction with others. To describe this process, Cooley coined the term "looking- glass self theory" in the year 1902.

According to Cooley, there are three elements in the looking-glass self theory.
1. We imagine how we appear to the others. For example, we can guess that others see us as intelligent or stupid.
2. We interpret others' reactions. We may come to know that how others evaluate us. Do they like us for being intelligent? Do they dislike us for being stupid?
3. We develop a self-concept. After the reactions of others, we develop feelings and ideas about ourselves.

Looking-glass self theory is like a "social mirror" in which a person can see his/her reflection. This process of self development clearly shows us the image of our personality. We can judge our personality by feedback of others. So, the process of looking-glass self plays an important role in the process of socialization.

Agents of socialization

Agents of socialization are the people and groups which influence our emotions, attitudes and behavior etc. Family, religion, day care, school, peer groups and workplace are the agents of socialization that prepare us to take our place in society.

• Family

Family is an important agent of socialization where a child starts learning the language of family. Slowly and gradually a children learns the roles of family members. He/she recognizes the roles of father, mother, sisters and brothers. It has been seen that most of the children follow the roles of others like putting on glasses and reading newspapers as their parents do.

• Religion

Religion is also an important agent of socialization where an individual learns about right and wrong. Religions provide basic ideas of morality which become the part of our life in future. Religion teaches us about the way of dressing, speech, and manners which are suitable for us in formal occasions.

• Day care

Day care is another agent of socialization in which the children are being socialized and benefited by the others. It has been become a tradition in every society to hire a person for daily wages to take care of the children. Day care process stimulates the intellectual personality of children.

• The school and peer groups

The school and peer groups are the agents of socialization where a child meets with a large group of people of similar age. Apart from education, the students are linked with each other for common interests. In this way of sharing ideas and common interests, students find peer groups for themselves and they start learning from those peer groups. Friends, clubs, gangs, and the neighbors are some examples of the peer groups. While entering into a school and peer group a member starts learning new norms and characteristics like athletics ability, coolness, toughness physical appearance and attraction etc.

• The workplace

Workplace is another agent of socialization in which an individual enters into a mature age. Apparently, workplace is place where an individual serves as an employer and earns a few dollars. Besides this, an employer has lot of opportunities to learn essential things for future. It has been seen that co-workers always advise about the future plans and lifestyles. It can be said that it is a sort of rehearsal for future activities. Therefore, it is proved that workplace is an agent of socialization where an individual has the opportunity to learn a lot.

Summary

Socialization is a lifelong process in which an individual learns the essentials of society. The norms, mores, values, attitudes, thoughts and folkways are being transmitted from one generation to another with the help of socialization. A Child brings only few things with him/her in heredity but social environment provides the totality of life with the help of socialization. Charles Hurton Cooley presented the looking-glass self theory which contributes largely in the process of socialization. As far as the agents of socialization are concerned, there are five main agents such as family, religion, day care, school, peer groups and workplace.

Process of Socialization

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Culture Change and Dining Innovations in Long-Term Care

Culture change is making its way throughout nursing homes and other long-term care settings across the nation and one of the most exciting innovations in culture change is in the dietary department. Some people believe that the kitchen has been one of the most forgotten and underrated place within long-term care. But, not any more! Many facilities that implement person-centered care as a part of their culture change start in the kitchen because it can lead to significant improvements in the quality of dietary services. Everyone looks forward to great food and how food is served, and these changes are highly visible to residents, their families, and staff. Also, there are endless possibilities and opportunities for change in dietary.

Hippocrates made the connection between food and health over 2000 years ago. He said "Let food be your medicine". Food is a very important part of health and in addition to its nourishing aspects, food has the power to heal and comfort people. Food is also a powerful symbol of nurturing, love and celebration. But, food has to be attractive and desired. It has to be served in ways that appeal to people. Uneaten food has no nutritional value and does nothing but go to waste. Remember, meals many times are often the highlight of our resident's day.

Anthropology Sociology

One goal of making dietary changes is to bring in the concept of "home" as much as possible to the dinning experience. Think of your own homes. You can find and have a snack anytime you want. You can make a meal for yourself or for your entire family. You can drink what you want when you want. You can put on a fresh pot of coffee, make tea, have a glass of ice water or whatever else you wish. You can eat with your family, in front of the television, while reading, or chatting on the phone with friends. You make a grocery list, hang it on the refrigerator, anyone can add to it, and then you go shopping. Just as we choose foods to eat, resident councils choose their own menus. Ethnic food choices are also important to consider.

Culture Change and Dining Innovations in Long-Term Care

Another goal when making changes in dietary is to offer flexible meal times. In person-centered care, the point is to de-institutionalize meal times and the dining experience. To facilitate residents sleeping in later in the morning, we must develop systems to serve meals to our residents at the times they choose to eat. We will have to become more flexible in how we think about food service. And as residents come and go we may have to further tweak our dining services. Many long-term care facilities have decided to implement flexible meal schedules such as the following: breakfast will be offered between 7:30am to 9:30am weekdays and maybe slightly later on the weekends; lunch will be served between 11:30am and 1:30pm; and dinner will be served between 4:30pm (for the "early birds") until 6:30pm for those who prefer it later. Flexible meal times offers choice and freedom to residents and simply makes the meal experience better, because they can choose when they prefer to eat.

Another goal of change in dietary services is to be innovative and creative in how food is served. Some of the more common dinning styles utilized in long-term care facilities include buffet-style dinning, restaurant-style dinning, 24-hour room service, and open access to food. These styles offer more choice to residents and can make meal times more enjoyable. Buffet-style dinning involves a hot steam table in a central area (dinning room) or placed in multiple sites within the facility (i.e. on each unit or wing). Many facilities have indicated that the buffet works very well for breakfast. Restaurant-style dinning can be used in the main dinning room and those employees working in the dinning room can wear chef coats and black pants, to create a restaurant atmosphere. A restaurant-style menu is placed on each table and residents order whatever they wish from it. The menu can be changed once a month, quarterly or seasonally. Many facilities have always offered room service, but perhaps never called it "room service" and indicated that it was available 24-hours a day. This is a nice feature for residents who are up at night and prefer to sleep throughout the day. It is also a nice option for family visitors who work odd shifts and visit their loved one during late evening hours. And finally, all residents, family and staff may have access to snacks 24-hours a day by creating or building small, kitchenette areas in the facility. And, don't stock it with just healthy snacks. Stock it with what residents and families want.

Other innovations in dinning include a private dinning room for special occasions, dinning areas that have a warm and comfortable appearance, bread- and cookie-baking throughout the day to create a more homelike atmosphere and to stimulate the diet, replacing 4-top tables with larger dinning room tables that seat 8 or more people, natural lighting or attractive lighting, salt and pepper shakers, hot sauce, and sugar bowls placed on each table, and kitchenettes complete with microwaves, small refrigerators, coffee pots, and storage space for snacks.

Dietary services are important in long-term care and culture change is providing great ideas concerning how to become more innovative and creative with food and how it is served. Food is vital to life and the kinds of food and how it is served should enhance the quality of life for residents in long-term care.

James H. Collins, Ph.D.

Culture Change and Dining Innovations in Long-Term Care

Jim Collins, Ph.D. has developed and presented continuing education seminars and workshops for over 16 years and has taught college courses in Sociology, Psychology, Anthropology and Gerontology for over 15 years. He holds a Bachelor's Degree in Gerontological Studies, Master's Degree in Sociology, a certificate in Gerontology and Life Span Development, and a Ph.D. in Health Care Administration. He has owned and operated a Geropsychiatric Practice, a nursing home consulting company and is proud to be a part of the Provider Services, Inc. family of rehabilitation and long term care facilities in the great state of Ohio.

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